What is Cryptography?

InfoTech: Cryptography: Cryptography? cryp·tog·ra·phykripˈtäɡrəfē/nounnoun: cryptography Cryptography or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός... Posted by Bitcoins Philippines...

What is the Cryptography? read here

How do I reset a lost administrative password?

By default the first user's account is an administrative account, so if the UI is prompting you for a password it's probably that person's user password. If the user doesn't remember their password you need to reset it. To do this you need to boot into recovery mode. Boot up the machine, and after the BIOS screen, hold down the left Shift key. You will then be prompted by a menu that looks something like this:

I've noticed on some systems that timing when to hit the left Shift key can be tricky, sometimes I miss it and need to try it again.

Hit the down arrow until you select the 2nd entry from the top (the one with the recovery mode in the description) and then hit Enter.

Now you should see this menu:

Using the arrow keys scroll down to either root and then hit Enter.

You should now see a root prompt, something like this:

root@ubuntu:~#

At this stage you should have a read-only filesystem. You have to remount it with write permissions:

mount -rw -o remount /

Now we can set the user's password with the passwd command. (In this example I will use jorge as the example, you need to substitute whatever the user's username is):

root@ubuntu:~# passwd jorge
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
root@ubuntu:~#

by: scriptsandcodes ./#Pinoydeveloper

Type in what you want the new password to be at the prompt. After it's successful reboot the machine and the user will be able to log in with their new password.

• Recovery Mode documentation
• Lost password documentation

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There is concern about this being a security vulnerability. It is not. You need to have physical access to the machine to do this. If someone has physical access to your PC, they could do far worse than change a password. When it comes to physical access, the battle for security is lost. Be wary of who you let on your PC.

Even setting a root password will not be successful, as one can simply boot with init being /bin/sh and have full root access. Again, given physical access, anyone with computer knowledge can do ANYTHING to your computer.

source: #AskUbuntu

Cryptography

Cryptography?cryp·tog·ra·phykripˈtäɡrəfē/nounnoun: cryptographyCryptography or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός...

Posted by Bitcoins Philippines on Monday, August 24, 2015

Cryptography or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός kryptós, "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "writing", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries). More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that block adversaries; various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation are central to modern cryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.


Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients, thereby precluding unwanted persons from doing the same. Since World War I and the advent of the computer, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread.


Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power—an example is the one-time pad—but these schemes are more difficult to implement than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms.


The growth of cryptographic technology has raised a number of legal issues in the information age. Cryptography's potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led many governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use and export. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation. Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and piracy of digital media.


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History of cryptography

Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classic cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity, most of which are entirely unsuited to pen and paper.


The development of cryptography has been paralleled by the development of cryptanalysis — the "breaking" of codes and ciphers. The discovery and application, early on, of frequency analysis to the reading of encrypted communications has, on occasion, altered the course of history. Thus the Zimmermann Telegram triggered the United States' entry into World War I; and Allied reading of Nazi Germany's ciphers shortened World War II, in some evaluations by as much as two years.


Until the 1970s, secure cryptography was largely the preserve of governments. Two events have since brought it squarely into the public domain: the creation of a public encryption standard (DES), and the invention of public-key cryptography.




soon to be update....

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source: History of cryptography

Cryptography?cryp·tog·ra·phykripˈtäɡrəfē/nounnoun: cryptographyCryptography or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός...

Posted by Bitcoins Philippines on Monday, August 24, 2015

Posted by Bitcoins Philippines on Friday, August 28, 2015

Top 10 Programming-Language Latest Reviews

Open Source is the Future of the computer science world!

On Wednesday, the popular coding website GitHub shared a graph that gives a closer look at the popularity of different programming languages used on its code sharing website that lets anyone edit, store, and collaborate on software code. Since its launch in 2008, GitHub saw various programming languages picking up momentum, as shown in the graph below.

An insight into what GitHub is…
GitHub is a web-based repository that operates on the functionality of a 'Git,' which is strictly a command-line tool. With 10 Million users as of today, the platform has become the primary source of housing open source software that is free of cost available to the world at large.
A look at the picture of programming trends on GitHub over recent years is actually a look at how the computer world is evolving.

Top 10 Programming Languages

Here are the Top 10 Programming Languages on GitHub today:

JavaScript

Java

Ruby

PHP

Python

CSS

C++

C#

C

HTML

Yes, Java programming language topped the race. There was a time when Java was most likely to be used by big banks and other enterprise companies that build very private stuff.

However, GitHub's data shows that Java grew more than any other programming language since 2008 and is being as a forefront of languages used to build open source software.
Java's rise is also due to growing Android popularity, as Google made Java the primary language for developing applications on Android smart devices.
Java is followed by Ruby, PHP, Python, and C#.
The rank is calculated by a GitHub project called Linguist, which listed languages by their adoption in public and private repositories, excluding forks.
However, these are the list of popular languages represented by GitHub; What, according to you, should be the most popular programming language? Let us know in the comments below.

A New Open Source Programming Language developed by Facebook

HACK - A New Open Source Programming Language developed by Facebook

2015-08-23T23:12:00-11:00Sunday, August 24, 2015 Peralta Sadiasa